[7] In September 2017, Vogel announced that he had left BattleCry Studios in favor of Certain Affinity. Meanwhile, two other significant projects are in development which are expected to be released prior to The Elder Scrolls VI. Bethesda Games - Plunge into the game world 6-05-2015, 12:59 Fallout: New Vegas Ultimate Edition, Gun Runners' Arsenal, Courier's Stash Gun Runners' Arsenal - adds to the game 27 new types of weapons, 38 new weapons, 40 modifications to existing or new types of weapons, a new ability. Bethesda Game Studios is an American video game developer and a studio of ZeniMax Media based in Rockville, Maryland. [10][11], "Bethesda's parent company ZeniMax acquires Doom co-developer Escalation Studios", "6waves Lolapps Buys Mobile Games Developer Escalation Studios", "Doom helpers Escalation Studios join ZeniMax", "ZeniMax acquires Doom SnapMap team Escalation Studios", "6waves Lolapps acquires mobile developer Escalation Studios", "6waves Lolapps acquires mobile game maker Escalation Studios", "6waves Lolapps lays off dev staff to focus on publishing business", "Escalation Studios Rebranded As Bethesda Game Studios Dallas", "Microsoft to Buy Bethesda for $7.5 Billion to Boost Xbox", "Microsoft confirms its Bethesda acquisition is complete and 'some games' will be exclusive", "Bethesda Has A New Studio And It's Working On Starfield", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bethesda_Game_Studios_Dallas&oldid=1053890861, Co-developed the PASS Time game mode with, This page was last edited on 6 November 2021, at 18:19. Arkane Studios SASU is a French video game developer based in Lyon.It was founded in 1999, and released its first game, Arx Fatalis, in 2002.Besides the Lyon studio, Arkane Lyon, Arkane Studios operates Arkane Studios LLC (trading as Arkane Studios Austin) in Austin, Texas, since July 2006. Bethesda Game Studios Dallas LLC (formerly Escalation Studios, LLC) is an American video game developer based in Dallas, founded in 2007 by Tom Mustaine, Marc Tardif, and Shawn Green. Bethesda Game Studios | 110,924 followers on LinkedIn. ZeniMax Halifax Ltd. (trade name: Alpha Dog Games) is a mobile video game developer based in Nova Scotia, Canada that develops mobile games for the iOS and Android platforms. We embrace diversity, equity, and inclusion in everything we do - from recruiting for our studios, publishing and . Spaces are allowed; punctuation is not allowed except for periods, hyphens, apostrophes, and underscores. [9] Battlespire and Redguard were the last games to use XnGine. As of 2021, it is estimated that Bethesda Softworks is worth roughly $3 billion. Jun 12, 2022. [72], In 2018, Bethesda Softworks sued Behaviour Interactive, the company responsible for developing Fallout Shelter, for appearing to copy the game's design onto a tie-in mobile game for the Westworld franchise. Boston, United States. [69], In September 2011, Bethesda's parent company, ZeniMax Media, filed a lawsuit against Mojang, claiming that Mojang's planned trademark of the title Scrolls infringed upon Bethesda's trademark of The Elder Scrolls series. [54] Upon its initial release, it was given mixed reviews for its poor quality and was embroiled in several other controversies, including problems with tie-in products and a data breach. If You Like Skyrim, You'll Love These Games, Copyright 2020-2021 GamersDecide. In addition to information on BETHESDA GAME STUDIOS HEADQUARTERS, our site contains many other interesting information about corporate offices. Bethesda Game Studios Contact Phone Number is : +1 301-926-8300 and Address is 1370 Piccard Drive No-120 Rockville, MD 20850, United States Bethesda Game Studios is a game development studio situated in Maryland, United States. [2] After leaving the House Subcommittee some years later, Weaver established Media Technology Associates, Limited (renamed Media Technology Limited in March 1988) in June 1981. Bethesda Softworks isn't based in Bethesda, their office is in Rockville. Obsidian Entertainment's new Fallout title, Fallout: New Vegas was published in 2010. Subsequently, Bethesda Softworks retained the publishing, while development staff was moved to the newly established Bethesda Game Studios. Between 1994 and 1997, Bethesda was developing a space combat game titled The 10th Planet. In an interview with Edge, he described the company as being a top-level administrative structure rather than a "parent company" for its holdings, explaining that "ZeniMax and Bethesda for all intents and purposes are one thing. Manage all your favorite fandoms in one place! Bethesda has no accounting department, we have no finance, we have no legal, our legal department [and] our financial department is ZeniMax, we all operate as one unit. 2001 In August 2018, Escalation became part of Bethesda Game Studios under the name Bethesda Game Studios Dallas. Remember To Watch Out For Those Wendigos! Bethesda's actions provoked negative reactions from buyers for the publisher having failed to notify them beforehand and for the amount of compensation offered. The developers at Madia wrote an open letter to Bethesda in which they have detailed the affair, but Bethesda refused to pay. [49] Between 2009 and 2012, the company expanded publishing operations, with games from independent third-party developers such as Rebellion Developments's Rogue Warrior, Artificial Mind and Movement's Wet, Splash Damage's Brink, and inXile's Hunted: The Demon's Forge. [6] No artists or animators were involved in the project, which gave the game a sub-par graphical presentation for the time. Already have an account? Bethesda Game Studios was founded in 1986. You'll find video game inspired merchandise from all of your favorite Bethesda & Zenimax studios. The company earned worldwide praise and respect for its outstanding work on The Elder Scrolls and Fallout series. imported from Wikimedia project. 0:29. Bethesda Game Studios Company Overview WebSite:bethesdagamestudios.com Headquarters:ROCKVILLE, MD Size:200 - 500 Founded:1999 Type:Private Revenue:$50M - $200M Industry:Business Services Related Companies:butterball , belle nicho winery During development, Centropolis chose to stop working on the game due to the company's commitments to its films. All rights reserved, Covering The Best In Video Games, Esports, Movies and Geek Culture. [68] After a lengthy legal battle the lawsuit was settled in January 2012, with Interplay receiving US$2million while Bethesda Softworks gained the right to develop a Fallout massively multiplayer online game, as well as the rights to Fallout, Fallout 2 and Fallout Tactics after December 31, 2013. [24][25] By December 1997, the first CD-ROM game was still in production. [5], On August 10, 2018, Escalation Studios was rebranded as Bethesda Game Studios Dallas. Gemeinsame Normdatei. [1], On May 28, 2014, BattleCry Studios announced their first game, BattleCry. BUFFALO WILD WINGS HEADQUARTERS MINNEAPOLIS MN, BANK OF AMERICA CALABASAS HEADQUARTERS PHONE NUMBER, WHERE IS SIEMENS HEADQUARTERS IN MUNICH GERMANY, HEADQUARTERS OF THE US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE, CAN YOU TAKE A TOUR OF GOOGLE HEADQUARTERS, BERNIE SANDERS HEADQUARTERS SAN FRANCISCO, FOOD 4 LESS CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PHONE NUMBER. American in-house development team at Bethesda Softworks. SaaS, Android, Cloud Computing, Medical Device), Where the organization is headquartered (e.g. Happy Wednesday! [9], ZeniMax Media was acquired by Microsoft for US$7.5billion in March 2021 and became part of Xbox Game Studios. Players take the captain's chair as they command their own starship and crew. In its first fifteen years, it was a video game developer and self-published its titles. In addition, it added 21 test and 5 achievements. Password must be at least. headquarters location. https://bethesdagamestudios.com Website. [2][3] The company provided engineering and media consulting for private companies and government organizations. [19] It was a collaboration between Bethesda and Roland Emmerich's Centropolis Entertainment. You've been invited to join. San Francisco, United States, Series A [9] Providence Equity bought 25% of ZeniMax's stock in late 2007,[37] and an additional stake in 2010.[38]. Several sequels have been released since. In response, Bethesda initially stated that they would not take any remedial action. Bethesda Softworks | 197,011 followers on LinkedIn. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. Development on BattleCry was halted late 2015 for the studio to assist Bethesda with the development of Fallout 76 and expansion of the Creation Kit's features. [1][2] Mustaine had previously co-founded Ritual Entertainment, while Tardif had been an executive producer and senior vice president of business development at Gearbox Software. 6 reviews of Bethesda Softworks "Update, for the company, the customer service, and the game itself - I did eventually get the three extra charges removed from my account, and my son did eventually get his game (Fallout Four). Bethesda had created a unique role for itself, spending years to create massive, open-world, single-player RPGs hardly a booming genre in the industry at large to great success, bringing a once-niche PC genre to a broad multiplatform audience, wrote Gamasutra in their year-end best of list. It has total equity of over USD2.5 Billion. [5], Early games scored respectably in the gaming press. BETHESDA Interactive Stock Chart | - Stock - Yahoo Finance Back (BETHESDA) Add to watchlist . Later that year, Zen Studios released virtual pinball adaptations of three games that Bethesda released during the decade thus far (The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim, Fallout 4 and the 2016 reboot of Doom) as the Bethesda Pinball collection for its pinball games. They were accused of doing the same thing with Arkane Studios, although in Arkane's case the studio gave in and allowed themselves to be bought. When to expect news about the Indiana Jones title. Bethesda Game Studios has multiple upcoming projects, including the science-fiction role-playing game Starfield, which is currently slated to launch on November 11, 2022, exclusively on Xbox . Read our Sunsetting the Bethesda.net Launcher & Migrating to Steam page or browse our migration articles on our help portal.To start the migration process, visit the transfer page.You can also visit our walkthrough for step-by-step instructions. [29], In 1999, Weaver and Robert A. Altman formed the holding company ZeniMax Media. Bethesda Softworks isn't based in Bethesda, their office is in Rockville. The funding family, having financial issues of its own, dropped out of the venture and sold off some of VideoMagic's properties. Madia stated that Bethesda did not pay for boxed sales of the game, as was allegedly specified in the contract. If you are looking for information on how to uninstall the Bethesda Launcher, visit this article. Rockville. [10][9] By then Bethesda employed nearly 100 people.[33]. [2][7][8] The formation was described as an experiment "to see if the PC market was a viable place to develop games". [14] Fallout 3 was released on October 28, 2008. Size: 201 to 500 Employees. The game wears its Dishonored and Deathloop inspirations on its . [1], By 2008, Bethesda Game Studios was considered one of the industrys top developers on the reputation of the Elder Scrolls fantasy universe and the critically acclaimed Fallout 3. [9] In June 1988,[12] after no new cross-console version of Gridiron! /r/BethesdaSoftworks is a fan-made community dedicated to all games, mods, and projects related to the game publisher Bethesda Softworks and its subsidiary developer studios. Under the threat of nuclear annihilation, experience the largest world ever created in Fallout. I'm a Marylander and grew up pretty damn close to Bethesda MD and have been wondering for awhile now if the company ever does tours or anything. If you still have games on the Bethesda.net launcher you can find information on migrating to Steam here. He had considered creating a unique name, such as one using the word "magic" after a quote from Arthur C. Clarke, but "Bethesda Softworks" ultimately stuck. ", "Todd Howard Confirms Fallout 5 Is Coming After Elder Scrolls 6", "The Elder Scrolls: Blades is a free-to-play RPG coming to PC and mobile this fall", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bethesda_Game_Studios&oldid=1132842044. [4], On March 9, 2018, Austin, Texas-based BattleCry Studios, another ZeniMax Media subsidiary, was rebranded as Bethesda Game Studios Austin. In 2015, the studio entered into the mobile gaming market with Fallout Shelter based on the same franchise, which gained 50 million players by mid-2016. [13] The case was resolved out of court. [58][59], In 2001, Bethesda Softworks published Echelon in the United States, a video game developed by the Russian development studio Madia. [1]Desde sua fundao, a empresa tem trabalhado principalmente em ttulos das sries The Elder Scrolls e Fallout. Bethesda Game Studios is an American video game developer and a studio of ZeniMax Media based in Rockville, Maryland.The company was established in 2001 as the spin-off of Bethesda Softworks' development unit, with Bethesda Softworks itself retaining a publishing function. It's headquartered in Bellevue, Washington and has a subsidiary in Luxembourg. Bethesda Game Studios is an American video game developer and a studio of ZeniMax Media based in Rockville, Maryland. The company was briefly owned by 6waves Lolapps in 2012 and acquired by ZeniMax Media in February 2017. [74], Bethesda came under fire in 2018 following the release of Fallout 76, which was met with generally unfavorable reviews[75][76][77] for its numerous bugs and glitches, gameplay design, and absence of human non-player characters (NPCs). It has a planned release for the first half of 2023. Glassdoor gives you an inside look at what it's like to work at Bethesda Game Studios, including salaries, reviews, office photos, and more. [2] At the time, Escalation had around 30 employees. http://www.mobygames.com/company/battlecry-studios, BattleCry Studios becomes third Bethesda Game Studios office by Christopher Dring, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, The contents of this page were partially or entirely copied from. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. [86] Customers reported having received their canvas bags by June 2019. In February 2008, the company opened a European publishing arm in London, named ZeniMax Europe, to distribute titles throughout UK/EMEA territories under the Bethesda Softworks brand. [2] Bethesda Game Studios l mt cng ty pht trin tr chi in t M v l mt studio ca Zenimax Media (Nay c mua li bi Xbox Game Studios) c tr s ti Rockville, Maryland. View contacts for Bethesda Game Studios to access new leads and connect with decision-makers. The company was acquired by ZeniMax Media in October 2019.. ZeniMax Media was acquired by Microsoft in March 2021 and became part of Xbox Game Studios.As a result, Alpha Dog Games has been owned by Microsoft since 2021 . Fallout 3 was also one of the most played games on Games for Windows Live in 2009, 2011, and 2012. [27], In October 1999,[28] Pete Hines joined Bethesda to head up its marketing department, running it as what he described as a one-man band. [1], With Bethesda Game Studios in Maryland, BGSA co-developed Fallout 76. With the studio being most known for Elder Scrolls and Fallout . Website https://bethesdagamestudios.com/ Industries. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. San Francisco, United States, Post IPO Equity [42] This was followed in by opening publishing offices in Tokyo, Frankfurt, Paris, Eindhoven, Hong Kong, Sydney and Moscow in 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013 and 2018 respectively.[43][44][45][46][47][48]. Bethesda Game Studios View source 2001-present 3D version SVG NEEDED See also Bethesda Game Studios Austin Bethesda Game Studios Dallas Bethesda Game Studios Montreal External links Official website V T E ZeniMax Media V T E Xbox Others like you also viewed Microsoft Edge/Other MSN Microsoft Office Bethesda Softworks Logopedia Bethesda Game Studios 1370 Piccard Drive Rockville, Baltimore, Maryland 20850 301-926-8300 Focus Area Service Focus Game Development 100% Client Focus Small Business (< $10M) Medium Business ($10M - $1B) Large Business (> $1B) 70% 20% 10% Industries Focus Gaming Art, Entertainment & Music 70% 30% Bethesda Game Studios Reviews Five downloadable content packs for Fallout 3 were released in the year following its releaseOperation: Anchorage, The Pitt, Broken Steel, Point Lookout, and Mothership Zeta. At the start of his tenure, the company had employed around 15 people in its Rockville headquarters. Finally, there is the universally-acclaimed Fallout 3, with estimated 12.4 million copies sold worldwide. Provide a password for the new account in both fields. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully . In February 2017, Howard said that they are in development of another mobile title following onto the success of Fallout Shelter. Critics also noted that Bethesda's official website had only changed the description of the bag from "canvas" to "nylon" following customer complaints, while the promotional image of the special edition continued to label the bag as "canvas". San Francisco Bay Area, Silicon Valley), Operating Status of Organization e.g. bethesdagamestudios.com HQ Location Rockville, Maryland, United States Number of employees 201-500 Industry Computer Games Latest update September 26, 2021 Social accounts of Bethesda Game Studios Unknown Unknown @bethesda-game-studios Bethesda Game Studios employees Vinh Tran Technical Director Ashley Cheng Managing Director Ian Olsen In that capacity, he helped design high-speed data communication systems for several member companies of the association. Fallout Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. In 2016, Howard confirmed that while they are developing The Elder Scrolls VI, it was still a long way to the game's release. Cloudflare Ray ID: 78b9847b99eef3c5 [87][88], This article is about the video game publisher. The studio is led by Todd Howard as executive producer, Ashley Cheng as managing director, and Angela Browder as studio director. It was moved to Bethesda Softworks' Rockville headquarters. Looking for information about BETHESDA GAME STUDIOS HEADQUARTERS? In 1994, the company released its best-known project at the time, The Elder Scrolls: Arena. After finishing grad school, he was hired by the American Broadcasting Company, where he wrote several memos about "the importance of alternative distribution systems and how satellites and broadband networks would impact network television", which landed him the position of manager of technology forecasting. While waiting for potential new contracts, the company acquired an Amiga personal computer with which the two began to experiment. Their games have a lot of elements that an RPG would have, but stray from that genre a bit, almost creating their own unique style of game. The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim Bethesdas best-selling game. Escalation Studios was formed in 2007, co-founded by Tom Mustaine, Marc Tardif, and Shawn Green. Currency in USD - (-) Indicators Comparison Custom Interval 1D Line Draw Settings Share Reset This. Another glimpse of Bethesda Game Studios interior. Robert A. Altman (right) at the Fallout 4 video game launch event. Developers of The Elder Scrolls, Fallout, and Starfield #WeAreHiring | Bethesda Game Studios is the award-winning development team known around the world for their groundbreaking work on The Elder Scrolls and Fallout series. [8], On February 1, 2017, Escalation Studios was announced to have been acquired by ZeniMax Media, the parent company of game publisher Bethesda Softworks. All content is posted anonymously by employees working at . Published Mar 18, 2021. Fletcher was a fan of American football and suggested that they develop a football video game for the system, which Weaver supported despite no interest in the sport. In 1995, Bethesda Softworks acquired Noctropolis developer Flashpoint Productions, which Brent Erickson had founded in 1992. Eventually, Weaver became the chief engineer for the United States House Subcommittee on Communications, where he influenced legislation that affected the telephone, television, and cable industries. He later filed a lawsuit against ZeniMax, claiming he was ousted by his new business partners after giving them access to his brand and was owed US$1.2million in severance pay. In January 2006, Bethesda acquired the rights to the Star Trek series of video games. At second place comes last years Fallout 4, which sold 12 million copies and generated over $750 million in its first 24 hours on November 10. [65][66] Pete Hines, who serves as Bethesda's VP of marketing, said Bethesda would have risked losing their Prey trademark if they had not requested the title change. Bethesda stopped funding the project, and Interplay was forced to abandon work on it. [6] One of the studio's first projects following the hold of BattleCry was the modification and restructuring of Bethesda's Creation Engine (in conjunction with sister company id Software, utilizing netcode from Quake) to support multiplayer functionality in anticipation of then upcoming Fallout 76. The Bethesda Launcher is not available to download. Bethesda Softworks is a publishing house, meaning that they do not develop games. In 2001, Bethesda spun off its own in-house development team into Bethesda Game Studios, and Bethesda Softworks retained only its publishing function. Bethesda Game Studios Austin (formerly BattleCry Studios LLC) is an American video game developer based in Austin, Texas. Other than Fallout 76, BGSA assisted with developing multiplayer content for DOOM (2016). I'm even closer to Rockville haha, and yeah I can see why they'd probably not want people peeping about. However, Bethesda may be giving up opportunity for innovation in the process. This worth alone justifies the $7 billion purchase price of ZeniMax that Microsoft paid. [10][11], "BattleCry (video game)" redirects here. 13,890 Online. BGS; edit. On June 24, 2009, ZeniMax Media acquired id Software, whose titles, including Rage, would be published by Bethesda Softworks. The studio isn't known to have any brand new games in development, although it is continuing to support, develop, and grow Bethesda's MMORPGs. [60][61], Bethesda Softworks and ZeniMax Media have been accused of attempting a hostile acquisition of Human Head Studios, as well as a successful hostile acquisition of Arkane Studios prior to that. [2][5] As a result of the acquisition, Mustaine and Tardif became Escalation's design directors, while Green became director of engineering for 6L. Bethesda Game Studios Headquarters 1370 Piccard Drive Rockville, Maryland20850 301-926-8300 Driving Directions Bethesda Game Studios Summary ABOUT Overview Bethesda Game Studios develops animation and actions game for PCs and consoles. For its development division, see, 19941997: Arena, Company expansion, The 10th Planet, 19992004: ZeniMax, Christopher Weaver lawsuit, 2020present: Microsoft's acquisition of ZeniMax, Catholic University School of Architecture and Planning, Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corners of the Earth, List of video games notable for negative reception Fallout 76 (2018), "Microsoft completes Bethesda acquisition, promises some Xbox and PC exclusives", "Media Technology Limited: D01280304 Articles of Amendment With Name Change", "This forgotten video game helped pave the way for Madden NFL", "Game Changer: Christopher Weaver and the history of video games and game studies at MIT", "Out of the hype, but still in the money is a way of life", "GameSpy Retro: Developer Origins, Page 4 of 19", "A brief history of Bethesda's many legal tangles", "Managing to be creative in the business of fun", "ThunderWave makes a big splash at Getty Center", "At Bethesda Softworks, an Emphasis on Cool", "Lean, Mean' Software Machine Thrives in a Ferocious Market", "Wings of Gold' Failed to Lift Game Firm Aloft", "Pete Hines, Director of PR and Marketing of Bethesda Softworks", "Pete Hines on Bethesda's past, present and future", "Christopher S. WEAVER v. ZENIMAX MEDIA, INC. - AllCourtData.com", "ZeniMax Media Buys DOOM Maker | peHUBpeHUB", "Oculus, Facebook Face Challenge to Rights Over 'Rift", "Bethesda Softworks Obtains Star Trek License And Announces Two Games", "ZeniMax Media Receives $300 Million Investment from Providence Equity Partners", "ZeniMax Media raises $9.9 million from some big names", "Bethesda Opens New Offices In Germany And France", "Bethesda Softworks exspands global operations-Opens Office in Moscow Russia", "Fallout Shelter-Management Mobile Game Out Now On iOS", "Bethesda and Zen Studios Team Up for an Epic Pinball Pack", "Announcing The Elder Scrolls: Legends - Houses of Morrowind", "The next Elder Scrolls game is a beautiful mobile RPG named Blades", "Bethesda confirms 'Fallout 76 is entirely online', "Rage 2: Release Window, Gameplay Details Announced", "Doom Eternal launches November 22nd with a new 'Battlemode' multiplayer experience", "New Bethesda studio formed as Human Head Studios closes", "Microsoft to Buy Bethesda for $7.5 Billion to Boost Xbox", "Microsoft confirms its Bethesda acquisition is complete and 'some games' will be exclusive", "Bethesda may be planning Prey 2 reveal at E3", "What Went Wrong with Human Heads Prey 2", "Prey for the Gods changes name to avoid fight with Bethesda's Prey (update)", "Bethesda lawyers force name change on indie game Prey for the Gods", "Bethesda executive responds to 'Prey for the Gods' trademark dispute", "Bethesda Sues Interplay Over Fallout Trademark Infringement", "Fallout MMO Rights Officially Restored to Bethesda", "Notch Wins First Round Against Bethesda", "Bethesda, Mojang settle 'Scrolls' trademark lawsuit", "Bethesda sues Warner Bros, calls its Westworld game 'blatant rip-off' of Fallout Shelter", "Bethesda resolves copyright lawsuit against Westworld devs", "Bethesda offers 500 Atoms to customers affected by Fallout 76 bag-gate", "$200 Fallout 76 Edition Promised Fancy Bag, Delivers Nylon Trash Instead [Update: Bethesda Responds]", "Turns out Bethesda did make Fallout 76 canvas bags and gave them out to influencers", "Fallout 76's Canvas Bag Flub Update: Bethesda Is Doing Right By Purchasers", "Bethesda Support Glitch Revealed Personal Information Of Fallout 76 Customers", "A 'Fallout 76' Support Ticket Glitch Gave Players Access To Everyone's Personal Information", "A Bethesda web glitch revealed everyone's support tickets, including personal info", "Bethesda's attempt to fix a Fallout 76 blunder leaks angry shoppers' PID [Updated]", "Fallout 76 players finally got their canvas bags from Bethesda", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bethesda_Softworks&oldid=1134118732, Video game companies of the United States, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 02:44.
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